Despite extensive efforts in recent years to improve productivity in quasi-governmental organizations, many continue to fall short of desired performance levels. Accordingly, identifying organizational factors that influence employee performance is a strategic imperative. This study aimed to examine the relationships between employees’ dynamic capabilities, innovative work behavior, and job performance in Social Security Organization hospitals in Markazi Province, Iran. In terms of purpose, the study was applied, and in terms of methodology, it employed a descriptive-correlational design using structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of 1,200 employees working in Social Security Organization hospitals in Markazi Province. Based on Cochran’s formula, a sample of 291 employees was selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that employees’ dynamic capabilities were positively and significantly associated with innovative work behavior (standardized path coefficient = 0.591) and job performance (standardized path coefficient = 0.276). Innovative work behavior was also positively and significantly associated with job performance (standardized path coefficient = 0.436). Furthermore, innovative work behavior played a positive and significant mediating role in the relationship between employees’ dynamic capabilities and job performance (standardized indirect effect = 0.258). These findings indicate that employees’ dynamic capabilities are associated with improved job performance both directly and indirectly through innovative work behavior. Accordingly, healthcare organizations may enhance employee job performance by strengthening employees’ dynamic capabilities and fostering innovative work behavior.